/*
* JScience - Java(TM) Tools and Libraries for the Advancement of Sciences.
* Copyright (C) 2006 - JScience (http://jscience.org/)
* All rights reserved.
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software is
* freely granted, provided that this notice is preserved.
*/
package org.jscience.physics.amount;
import javolution.lang.MathLib;
import javax.measure.quantity.*;
import javax.measure.unit.SI;
import javax.measure.unit.Unit;
/**
* This class provides most accurate physical constants measurement;
* the more accurate the constants, the higher the precision
* of the calculations making use of these constants.
*
* Constant names use the full range of Unicode characters and
* are mixed uppercase/lowercase to resemble symbolic names as much
* as possible
*
* Reference:
* CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical
* Constants (2002)
*
* @author Jean-Marie Dautelle
* @version 3.1, April 7, 2006
*/
public final class Constants {
/**
* Holds the standard acceleration due to gravity (approximately equal
* to the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface).
* @see
* Wikipedia: Acceleration due to gravity
*/
public final static Amount g =
Amount.valueOf(980665, SI.METRES_PER_SQUARE_SECOND).divide(100000);
/**
* Holds the electron rest mass.
*/
public final static Amount me =
Amount.valueOf(9.1093826E-31, 0.0000016E-31, SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the proton rest mass.
*/
public final static Amount mp
= Amount.valueOf(1.67262171E-27, 0.00000029E-27, SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the neutron rest mass.
*/
public final static Amount mn
= Amount.valueOf(1.67492728E-27, 0.00000029E-27, SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the deuteron rest mass.
*/
public final static Amount md
= Amount.valueOf(3.34358335E-27, 0.00000057E-27, SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the muon rest mass.
*/
public final static Amount mμ
= Amount.valueOf(1.88353140E-28, 0.00000033E-28, SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
*/
public final static Amount π = Amount.valueOf(MathLib.PI, Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds {@link #π}/2.
*/
public final static Amount half_π = Amount.valueOf(MathLib.HALF_PI, Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds 2·{@link #π}.
*/
public final static Amount two_π = Amount.valueOf(MathLib.TWO_PI, Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds 4·{@link #π}.
*/
public final static Amount four_π = Amount.valueOf(12.566370614359172953850573533118, Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds {@link #π}².
*/
public final static Amount π_square = Amount.valueOf(9.8696044010893586188344909998762, Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds the speed of light in vacuum (exact).
*/
public final static Amount c = Amount.valueOf(299792458, SI.METRES_PER_SECOND);
/**
* Holds {@link #c}².
*/
public final static Amount c_square =
Amount.valueOf(299792458L * 299792458L, SI.METRES_PER_SECOND.pow(2));
/**
* Holds the Boltzmann constant.
* @see
* Wikipedia: Boltzmann constant
*/
public final static Amount k = Amount.valueOf(
1.3806505E-23, 0.0000024E-23, SI.JOULE.divide(SI.KELVIN));
/**
* Holds the Planck constant.
* @see
* Wikipedia: Plank's constant
*/
public final static Amount ℎ = Amount.valueOf(
6.6260693E-34, 0.0000011E-34, SI.JOULE.times(SI.SECOND));
/**
* Holds the Planck constant over 2π.
*/
public final static Amount ℏ = ℎ.divide(two_π);
/**
* Holds the elementary charge (positron charge).
* @see
* Wikipedia: Elementary Charge
*/
public final static Amount e =
Amount.valueOf(
1.60217653E-19, 0.00000014E-19, SI.COULOMB);
/**
* Holds the permeability of vacuum or magnetic constant.
* @see
* Wikipedia: Permeability (electromagnetism)
*/
public final static Amount µ0 = Amount.valueOf(
1.2566370614359172953850573533118E-6,
SI.NEWTON.divide(SI.AMPERE.pow(2))); // 4π×10−7 N/A²
/**
* Holds the permittivity of vacuum or electric constant (1/(µ0·c²))
* @see
* Wikipedia: Permittivity
*/
public final static Amount ε0 = µ0.times(c.pow(2)).inverse();
/**
* Holds the characteristic impedance of vacuum (µ0·c).
*/
public final static Amount Z0 = µ0.times(c).to(SI.OHM);
/**
* Holds the fine structure constant (e²/(2·ε0·c·h))
* @see
* Wikipedia: Fine Structure Constant
*/
public final static Amount α
= e.pow(2).divide(ε0.times(c).times(ℎ).times(2)).to(Unit.ONE);
/**
* Holds the Newtonian constant of gravitation.
* @see
* Wikipedia: Gravitational Constant
*/
public final static Amount G = Amount.valueOf(
6.6742E-11, 0.001E-11,
SI.METRE.pow(3).divide(SI.KILOGRAM).divide(SI.SECOND.pow(2)));
/**
* Holds the Avogadro constant.
* @see
* Wikipedia: Avogadro's number
*/
public final static Amount N = Amount.valueOf(
6.0221415E23, 0.0000010E23, Unit.ONE.divide(SI.MOLE));
/**
* Holds the molar gas constant (N·k)
* @see
* Wikipedia: Gas constant
*/
public final static Amount R = N.times(k);
/**
* Holds the Faraday constant (N·e)
* @see
* Wikipedia: Faraday constant
*/
public final static Amount F = N.times(e);
/**
* Holds the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ((π²/60)·k4/(ℏ³·c²))
*/
public final static Amount σ
= π_square.divide(60).times(k.pow(4)).divide(ℏ.pow(3).times(c.pow(2)));
/**
* Holds the unified atomic mass unit (0.001 kg/mol)/N
*/
public final static Amount amu
= Amount.valueOf(
1E-3, SI.KILOGRAM.divide(SI.MOLE)).divide(N).to(SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the Rydberg constant (α²·me·c/2h).
* @see
* Wikipedia: Rydberg constant
*/
public final static Amount Rinf
// Do not use formala as experimental incertainty is very low.
= Amount.valueOf(10973731.568525, 0.000073, SI.METRE.inverse());
/**
* Holds the Bohr radius (α/(4π·Rinf))
*/
public final static Amount a0
= α.divide(π.times(Rinf).times(4)).to(SI.METRE);
/**
* Holds the Hartree energy (2Rinf·h·c)
*/
public final static Amount Eh
= Rinf.times(ℎ).times(c).times(2);
/**
* Holds the magnetic flux quantum (h/2e)
*/
public final static Amount Φ0
= ℎ.divide(e).divide(2).to(SI.WEBER);
/**
* Holds the conductance quantum (2e²/h)
*/
public final static Amount G0
= e.pow(2).divide(ℎ).times(2).to(ElectricConductance.UNIT);
/**
* Holds the Bohr magneton (ℏ·e/2me)
*/
public final static Amount µB
= e.times(ℏ).divide(me).divide(2);
/**
* Holds the nuclear magneton (ℏ·e/2mp)
*/
public final static Amount µN
= e.times(ℏ).divide(mp).divide(2);
/**
* Holds the Planck mass (ℏ·c/G)1/2
*/
public final static Amount mP = ℏ.times(c).divide(G).root(2).to(SI.KILOGRAM);
/**
* Holds the Planck length (ℏ/(mP·c))
*/
public final static Amount lP = ℏ.divide(mP.times(c)).to(SI.METRE);
/**
* Holds the Planck time (lP/c)
*/
public final static Amount tP = lP.divide(c).to(SI.SECOND);
/**
* Default constructor (no derivation allows).
*/
private Constants() {}
}
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